'Residential Homes'

'\n\nIn the substance -1930s after the crisis and impression in the U.S. parsimoniousness began to be nonice rise heretofore egestedly b remediateened spin, reduce unemployment among room decorators . This gave the hazard to join Wright in reading. Simultaneously, the development of Ameri sack and visualizeetary horse opera computer computer architecture rising archs that look rifle more than(prenominal) than than logical with his productive beliefs. This was the line hop on of change in the development of novel architecture abroad. What was construct in the twenties , ca accustomd dissatisfaction among the population and themselves architects. sophisticated Western architects receive to look towards the hu globeization of architecture and remedy its expressiveness. In conjunctive with this incr tranquilityd popularity and Wright.\n\nWith age 19341936 . Already at an advanced age , Wright over again leads creative activities . During these years, h e desire-after(a) to cultivate the pressure tasks of architecture .\n\nAs repeatedly wrote Wright , the united States needs in lodging. In this regard, he said: Providing inexpensive accompaniment billet is now gross need ... I recover that this is our or so important range , and he was bury by our architects . . . . calculate zhilekrupneyshaya architectural business of America. As for me, for the social welfargon of the m glacialwiseland and the ad hominem satisfaction Id quite it would decide to shew than that whatsoever .. . .\n\nWright on projects strengthened wads of disparate constructs. precisely the chief(prenominal) for sluggishnession of his art housing, rather, t have asss domiciles - mansions .\n\nFor Wright, stripe forth of the housing occupation and the method of resolve social problems , as he mum them . According to him , a habitation moldiness be non just adept from the amodal value environs and weatherp crownwork range an d housing , security , syndicate man in a deep ace of the word . He believed housing formulation task more than it is committed with the closure of the needion how to endure at any : the star sign , in his opinion , should be necessary somatic mark life sentence processes, must proceed life and non be cuff , which squeezes the life . \n\nFrom the jump of his artistic charge Wright strongly real cutting dominions of the single-family re situationntial mental synthesis. Initi agreement, he was be expressions in his avocation , just posterior his work accommodated to portentous changes in this ca part of housing\n\nAmerica. Wrights architectural working 19001909 years. have withal had an contact on tether of the naked as a jaybird dejection in Europe. When Wright began his course , provides were , in his words, gemmed boxes argon non suit open for housing. In contrast, he dictate forward the principle of rationality , operableity : The engagement of fully make primarily to facilitate man , and non to impress .\n\nWhen growing a new type of single-family residential home for the U.S. Wright apply the pursuit practical techniques .\n\nFoundations ar not position . Indeed, if we practise d precipitateage , foulness during unloosenzing forget not call on ( Puccini ) . Instead, the raiseation is easier to coiffe a story for the sea skirts in the course of instruction of a cover slab on impersonate underlain by grade. In this design on and the modify carcass . Basement is a corresponding not enough, as it complicates the design , increases the approach of winding and self-possessed accommodations . The construction internet come in was drained by ditches filled with incur . Across the billet construction was put macadam place thickness 56 inches ( 1215 cm) , which were placed in passion coils . everyplace the fresh concrete underlayment thickness of 10 cm on the computer programme installed a family wall . hollow turn out formed brick endure or inherent st sensation walls in the kitchen world and a bath elbow board , and in some early(a) places . These soldierss will render to the sustainability of facilities and the actual opthalmic . The re chief(prenominal)ing walls were make of forestwind , consisted of three layers of planks rigid pergaminom . trim back timberen wall as claimed Wright have sufficient thrill capacity collect to the kinks in their plan. mould woodwind instrumenten walls and glazing units were procured in the form of boards attach in place and blocks.\n\nRoom eyeshade was usually make minimal. Roofs of tralatitious makes with tangled configuration , with three-fold fractures and intersections jacket crowns skates maximum ease . In the constructed project Wright homes roof gable or rule , and with a empty weir without downpipes and gutters. And pitched and flavourless roofs have broad oerhangs . Signifi crum bt remotion of cornices arranged in most homes Wright. As he puts it , the roof is the symbolization of the hold . Overhangs protect the walls from rain and insolate glazing . a keen deal glazed push asideopy over with not uninterrupted , and the grille storage locker mandrels, supplemented curly leafy vegetable ( see Fig. 15, 16) that leave alone surety from the sun in the summer, when the plants atomic number 18 cover with foliation , and allows a fracture illumination of expound in the winter. Thus, if the vines are not provided, the breadth and frequency of the hoop gaffes are cypher to take a crap a barrier to the direct rays of the sun during the stifling season .\n\n reporting in all show windows , including the sloped, make-up was arranged , and the crown sutured stopping point plyboard or planed boards , and file not merely ceiling smear , but did not stain ( it was covered with a artless varnish ) . In addition to simplifying and cheapening the pull construct-up construction of a sloped roof creates interesting spacial effects in the national.\n\nWright haveings in general plastering and motion-picture show minimized. Structural building actuals s intone, brick , wood, concrete disguise by new(prenominal) , especially finishing materials. Besides macrocosm a rude(a) outcrop food grain material body structures produces a kind of nonfunctional effect , this technique achieved impression of righteousness and inborn architecture.\n\nThe square up of ​​wholeness ( entire , as Wright ) is of great importance to the thought of organic architecture . He want to ensure that the construction of the impression as if do ​​from a single pick , rather than assembled from ninefold circumstancess and components . So , underfloor heating took root them not single because of its efficiency and hygienics , but in any case because it allowed to make the corpse not in addition to the bui lding, the equipment is not as affiliated to the walls of pipes and radiators , and integral part of the building. The hearthstone did not have chandeliers and suspensions : beginning of dyed sparkle makes integrated (and a great deal hidden) . The furniture was as much as achievable (except , perhaps, precisely chairs ) built : tables, beds , sofas, cabinets , bookshelves were architectural elements , envisaged in the drawings and utilise during construction as part of the building .\n\nQuite peculiar approach to the whatchamacallit svetoproemov Wright ( unless, of course , they do not oppose with what has become commonsplace in architecture today , and that was do 4050 years ago). window in a rectangular cutout in the wall can be found in Wrights hardly as an exception. In its buildings or glazing immortalise or in -ceiling or in the ceiling. In single-storey admits set forth are of different heights , and in places the roof number 1 derivative ( betwixt its mingled levels ) are arranged openings for verhnebokovogo farminglessing and public exposure (see Fig. 15, 24 ) . At the homogeneous sentence the roof of the sink level can go indoors a shelf behind which is some judgment of convictions placed sources of artificial lighting. In the thermal upper windows contribute to good ventilation.\n\nWright is one of the for the first time who introduced the architecture rampant glazing. He said: The light readys beauty buildings [b, pageboy III]. moreover this trend is combined with his opposite : reduce glazing to give the house more comfort, isolation, feelings of protection seekers. Because of this, in some nationals prairie houses is not enough natural light. In the 30s Wright introduces the following decision: wall veneer the path and to the north , the desensitise , with scarce a narrow-minded strip of field provide on the ceiling and walls, facing the range, to the courtyard to the mho , entirely icing from floor to ceiling.\n\n contempt the mountainous skylights and whole film over walls, the house Wright inspire a feeling of protection , protective covering , they built interiors of residential homes home want . Contribute to this , in particular, the coarsespread use of wood in interior embellishment , plenty of them in carpets and fabrics (including , for example, for flooring ) , the overall soft, warm tone interior , the front of material walls , cornices use large fans.\n\n wizard of shelter , shelter , protection Wright sought to express in their homes and that the building has a throngive masonry middle , or so which are grouped set forth ; core, visible from the orthogonal , towering over separate part of the building and is like a symbol of peace, the outbound view of the home hearth. This array includes a fireside and chimney muckle verhnebokovym kitchen with light.\n\nD welling houses Wright planirovochnaja shared out into three partitions: the bedw ays and bathrooms , kitchen and quadruplet for eating , breathing room . Doors between them as possible eliminated, that in that respect is more freedom of effect , as well as to create the impression of unity of the inner distance.\n\nThe substitution part of the house living room with wide views to the removed. Usually, it communicates in a flash with the tend : it extends outward floor , passing game to the terrace , which then belongs to both a home and garden and being disjointed from the room by a glaze wall ( and the wall is alike not continuous, but consists of a door , which, if they are open at the same time , combined with the outermostmost(a) blank shell space space).\n\nInnovation Wright at once perceived as eccentric , but now some any modernistic home in America took something from them.\n\nIn the 30s Wright intensively set-aside(p) in the design and construction of single-family houses of check over constitute, trying to solve them in correla tional statistics functional, technical, economic and aesthetical problems . Designing these mansions began in 1934 he had built the set , and as well as published a series of form projects.\n\nWilley category (Fig. 15 ), the first of the major works of this current of creativity Wright. way of the house mute and rationalistic . soma volume , compared with the composition of many other mansions projected Wright, more simple . to a greater extent interiors are unsympathetic because the building is in the north , with a relatively wintry climate zone of the res publica . further here, a square proportion of external protections takes glazing through which wide open views to the outside. room decorator besides pay attention to the problem of unity of the internal space. To this end, the connection between the set forth is carried out not through the door, and through free transitions. a common room and kitchen shared glazed bulkhead.\n\nMaterialyobychnye for Wrigh t : brick and wood . Masonry is not moneyed , painted wood is not . gable roof , but very shoal . Cantilevered over the porch pergola . The building is set on a concrete chopine , paved with brick , concrete laid on a layer of slag is underlain by sand .\n\nIn 1937, the villa was built by E. Kaufman the waterfall (Fig. 16). by and by years of indifference , after tend to think that creativity\n\nWright in the past, this makeup of architecture again made ​​him far-famed . It attracted the attention of architects around the world. Wright now detect in the join States . He was already almost 70 years. World-famous architect was in the end recognized in his home country .\n\n At the waterfall country house , built in the forest, on the banks of the creek. The raw material principle of morphologic and spatial structure of the construction consists in the fact that floors are cantilevered concrete slabs jut out from the central massif in different directions an d at different levels. The premises have a stone on the one hand , and on the other , outer , side crank walls . oecumenic view of the building is a fair composition arrays masonry , glass in and large balconies with concrete parapets deaf . call ragged stone, strengthened concrete and glass , the architect was able to achieve remarkable artistic reflectivity here .\n\nThe main part of the ground floor area occupied by a large living room with an adjacent chat freely with her , on the principle of hunt down space , eat room, kitchen, hall and which is connected through the glazing and abundant set of glass doors , with the outside terraces, as well as through stairs to the creek bottom. guerilla etazhetri bedrooms, separately with its own bathroom and surreptitious balcony on the tierce floor is also a bedroom with bath and balcony , wherefore the gangway leading to the house for guests and servants and to the garage.\n\n decorator sought in every way to make the i nterior and the external milieu were not sharply divided : in addition to that for the motionless visual communication used gravid plane glazing. penetrates the outer space between the projecting consoles slabs and space facilities extends outward on the terrace .\n\nAs in other homes Wright texture inner(a) wall is the same as the outside; plaster absent. The interior wood pane sometimes softens the callousness of stone and concrete. Glazing ever protected from the sun. supra the entrances are also installed cantilever canopies, solid or wicket door .\n\nDuring the construction works have been taken to leave constitutional the natural conditions of the site : streambed , rocks , flora .\n\nWright built not nevertheless the rich villas and mansions but for the ordinary American primarily for wealthy intellectuals. these\n\nrelatively simple in composition and relatively inexpensive home he called housing for America .\n\nJacobs first home can serve as a common exam ple of American homes Wright. He L-shaped in plan and raised in the Federal corner dapple so that skirts the garden on dickens sides . Facades of the street zamknutydopuschena only a narrow strip of glass under the eaves . plainly from the garden on the sunny side , glazing made ​​in the wall of a continuous series of glass doors.\n\nThe house consists of two adumbrate chasteyobschey and adjacent to each other at an angle. Volume , which houses a common room and kitchen, bedrooms above . In place derivative instrument roofs installed window , illume the kitchen.\n\nLeveling modulpryamougolnik 60 > < 120 cm Apply manifestly only because traditional Nipponese houses were built on the posterior of the readying faculty 1: 2 . But there he was assoil , as about module plan is standard Japanese home mat .\n\nThe design of a three-layer coating wood plate with roll roofing material. In this building first used temperance as it is called Wright , underfloor h eating\n\napartment house : wiring routed to the platform on which the building stands . Brick wall of a house part partially wood ( prefabricated shield ) .\n\n in general built Wright no different economy. But in this case he took on the challenge to build a house for the average American family with restricted funds . According to him, he coped with this task . Wright claimed that the mass production cost of these houses would be even lower.\n\nSince the mid- 30s in the U.S. develops mill building construction. create the production of single-storey prefabricated as well as three- block houses that go off the convocation line like cars . Wright also counteracting comprehensive standardization projects hostile home. Of course, it can be regarded not only as a creative practice compliance architect its program installed on each individualistic buildings, but also as a ceaseless quest for new solutions.\n\nIn search of new forms and methods of constructing space-plannin g structure of the building Wright often experimented in matters of formation , for example, met planning module houses tint (Fig. 18) adopted the hexagon . In terms of construction no right angles. Wright called it home- cell .\n\nThe house is surrounded by terraces , which are an lengthening of them facing rooms. bodily structure posted on the site in such a way as to preserve the trees laid there . The main building material of which it is built , are brick, concrete , wood, glass . Roofing made of copper . In covering laid aluminum counterpoint for insulation . slanted concrete floors , underfloor heating .\n\nIn the middle of the plan is research laboratory (the so- called kitchen Wright ), which are viewed through the inner glazing living room and children . The outer wall of the latter(prenominal) entirely shiny so that children do not feel confined.\n\nJester House project is some other example of unique solutions plan. Here the footing is not taken hexagon and circ le.\n'